The Use of Lasers in Esophageal Cancer Treatment

Esophageal cancer is a rare form of cancer, but its numbers are on the rise around the world (Staff, Mayo Clinic 1). This disease occurs when malignant or cancerous cells form in the tissues of the esophageal lining of the body’s gastrointestinal tract. The esophagus is responsible for moving swallowed food and liquids from the mouth into the stomach for digestion. It consists of several tissue layers, including the mucous membrane, muscle, and connective tissues.When cancer forms in the esophagus, it begins in the innermost layer of the tissue (the mucous membrane) and moves outward (towards the connective tissue layer) as it spreads (see Figure 1). It often goes undetected for many years, and in its later stages, this cancer is not easily treatable. Among those who develop esophageal cancer, their long-term survival rate is low, as it is estimated that only 12. 5% of patients live five years beyond the date of diagnosis (Triesschejin, Martijn 5).The standard treatment option used to combat esophageal cancer is called an esophagectomy, in which the cancerous area of the esophagus is removed via surgery, however this procedure is very invasive, complicated, and is often times fatal. However, with today’s technological advancements, safer, less-invasive methods are beginning to replace this option and are proving to be successful in helping to extend the lives of those patients with severe esophageal cancer and aid in improving their quality of life.One up-and-coming treatment option that is far more safe and practical than esophagectomy is the integration of lasers in photodynamic therapy, or PDT. Although it is still an experimental treatment, is ideal because it has no long-term side effects, is minimally invasive, can be done quickly with little recovery time, has the ability to precisely target the areas of the body where the cancer cells are present, and can be safely repeated multiple times until the desired results are achieved.Post-treatme nt, it has been known to cause sensitivity to light, particularly pertaining to the patient’s eyes and skin, however this has not been shown to be a significant issue among those treated with PDT. Photodynamic therapy uses special drugs, known as photosensitizing agents, along with laser light to kill cancer cells closer to the surface of the skin. The agents are injected into the body via and ‘switched on’ with light of the appropriate wavelength depending on the drug utilized. Chemical and molecular reactions within the ody from the drugs then destroy the cancer cells and work to rid the body of the esophageal disease. Although several sources of light are possibilities when performing photodynamic therapy, lasers are the most preferred. They are the most effective in emitting monochromatic light, or light that is of a single wavelength and color, corresponding to all of the different absorption maxima of photosensitizers’ compounds, and can be relativel y easily coupled to optical fibers from 200 to 600 microns’ core sizes.Specifically, the type of laser that is optimal for the treatment of esophageal cancer is a diode laser. These lasers are the most recent to be used in cancer treatment, and were developed just within the last fifteen years. Thus, they have higher quality beams, expanded ranges of wavelengths, and can be used on higher powers if desired. Diode lasers are ideal because they are simple to use, easy to transport, and do not require difficult installation like the gas (argon) and dye lasers used before them (Boucher 74).The diode laser currently approved by the FDA is manufactured by Angiodynamics, and has been successfully used, along with the correct application of photosensitizers, in esophageal cancer treatments. â€Å"A good photosensitizer is preferably a pure compound with a constant composition† (Nyman 3). And in esophageal cancer treatment via PDT, the best-proven photosensitizer is called porf imer sodium, also commercially known as Photofrin ®.In fact, the United States’ Food and Drug Administration has only approved the use of this photosensitizer in the treatment of esophageal cancer via PDT (â€Å"Photodynamic Therapy† 2). Porfimer sodium is injected intravenously, where it is then absorbed by all of the body’s cells, but only those cells that are normal and not cancerous are able to get rid of it. To allow for the body’s normal cells to rid themselves of the drug, two to three days are given between the drug’s administration and the activation of the drug by laser light.After being passed down the throat through a small flexible tube called an endoscope, a thin fiber optic glass strand is used to direct the laser light at the affected area. The optical fiber is made of fused silica, and uses a balloon catheter to distribute a defined, controlled amount of light to the treated esophagus organ. If the beam were not diffuse, a direct beam (even at a low power) could be damaging to the esophageal tissue. The light is operated at weaker power of around 2 Watts to ensure that it does not burn any tissue, and it is relatively pain-free.The treatment it is applied for no longer than an hour at a time and can often be done in an outpatient setting (reference all sources listed). Normally, the most common wavelength used is red light, as its specific wavelength of 630 nanometers has been shown to work best when attempting to create the most effective and potent malignant cancer cell-killing method possible. Atomically speaking, following its activation by laser light, â€Å"†¦the photosensitizer is elevated from a ground state to a long lasting excited triplet state†¦. and it] can then react with cell membranes to form radical ions [intermediates] which interact further with oxygen to produce cytotoxic oxygenated molecules† (Gray 1). More simply put, the excited photosensitizer activated by the laser light transfers its energy to other molecules before returning to its ground state, which generates a reactive oxygen species (intermediate) that is able to directly kill and destroy the esophageal tumor via oxidation, and later, indirectly, via inflammation.Research has shown a huge increase in the survival rate of PDT patients receiving this treatment. Treated patients’ survival rates improved 25% over a span of five years compared to those who never received any type of treatment (Li 2). And although doctors have seen great success with the use of photodynamic therapy and diode laser treatments, there is still much more to be researched and improved upon. Currently, new drugs, such as Photochlor ®, and others are being clinically tested to see if they can be used as photosensitizers in the treatment of esophageal cancer.This photosensitizer looks promising, as it has already been shown to last a much shorter time and is more easily removed from the body than Photofrin ® is. Also, scientists are looking at the possibility of using ointments containing ferrous or colbalt ions and hydrogen peroxide on the treated cancerous area to improve PDT outcomes along with laser light. And with the further advancement of technology, hopefully newer treatments will be able to not only improve the outcomes of patients with severe esophageal cancer, but be able to cure them of it once and for all.

What is Liberalism?

Liberalism is defined as a broad category of political philosophies that values the respect for equality and individual liberty to be one significant concept of the political goals. Liberalism puts emphasis on the need for equality of opportunities and individual rights. Within the domains that encompass the concept of liberalism there are streams of terms and thoughts that compete for the right usage of the term ‘liberal’.In democracies along the Atlantic region such as New Zealand and Australia, liberalism is perceived as a precious achievement of an enduring nature and value. It is one important legacy among the European histories and philosophy which is commonly abbreviated as an enlightment. It has a wider resonce and scope that continues to inspire the political emancipation in regions across Europe and far beyond (http://freestudents. blogspot. com/2006/03/what-is-liberalism. tml). It is one achievement of its kind that is not influenced by the sudden rapture of t he common place charges of philosophical confusion, individualism, reductionist, cultural imperialism and the ranging political naivete and irrelevance. On the extreme contrast liberalism appears to be very ambiguous in matters of public and even to the academic realism so much in that it is always perceived as an intellectual orthodoxy or a hegemonic ideology.All the diverse streams that encapsulate the concept of liberalism are in a way united in one accord and supported by a structure of constitutional realism which however encompasses broad concepts such as the freedom of speech and thought, the rule of law, the limitations of the power of government and the support to individual rights and private property and lastly the challenge toward agitating for a transparent system of governance.Majority of all the supporters of liberalism and other political ideologist unanimously support the divergent forms of governments and especially the liberal democracy which agitates for fair and open elections in a country where all citizens hold equal similar rights towards the rule of law (http://www. polity. co. uk/keyconcepts/samples/kelly-chapter. pdf). According to various philosophers, liberalism comes in two broad forms. The first form is the classical liberalism which entirely emphasizes on the significance of individual liberty and contemporary welfare. This type of liberalism is focused on the significance of material equality.The second form of liberalism is referred to as the conservative liberalism which is more prominent and common in the American Economic outlook. To Europeans and Americans, conservative liberalism stands out to represent various things. That is, it is commonly associated with matters relating to states welfare and policies . Liberalism is rooted on the grounds of age enlightment a concept that repels the assumptions made on the foundational theories of government theories such the concepts of heredity status, the divine status of rights of kings and economic protectionisms which were laid down by religions.On the extreme construct liberalism defines itself as an independent entity that seeks for equal dignity and the value of individual worthiness. Thus liberalism is commonly perceived as an historic advocate of freedom. To much extend it has greatly influenced the rule of law and private property through agitating for the free exchange of ideas and goods (http://freestudents. blogspot. com/2006/03/what-is-liberalism. html).As the name stipulates liberalisms is best understood as the fundamental belief in a political ideal that permeates individuals to possess the freedom towards pursing their own goals in their very own unique ways in due respect without infringing on the equality and liberty of others. The basic concern is projected towards the preservation of human rights. That is rights are considered to be the most fundamental concepts and language through which liberalism can be spoken. The entire concepts abou t liberalism both circumlogate around the primacy of the human rights.According to Thomas Jefferson, human beings hold true in order to be self evident. However, man is created as been equal to his fellow man and by large he/she is endowed with innate capabilities which come as inalienable rights to life, pursuit of happiness and liberty (http://www. polity. co. uk/keyconcepts/samples/kelly-chapter. pdf). Therefore, in order to ensure that these rights are well secured the governments are instituted in the midst of men to derive their just powers by seeking consent from the governed.Liberalism transformed the prevailing doctrines of human rights by setting them upside down. For quit sometime man was believed that he lived for the sake of the state. That is, which ever capabilities he possessed they were gifts granted to him by the king manning the government. According to liberalism the opposite was held wrong in that man initially possessed the rights far much before the government came into being and however, it received sanctions from the people. Various movements have erupted as movements towards repelling the concepts of liberal influence.Majority of these movements affirm and reclaim holding to what they have held in the past as the traditional orthodoxy. Some claim that the political liberalism miss understands the nature and the demands of the political array. The egalitarianism behind this notion is profoundly an anti – political doctrine which aims at replacing the demands of politics. Another reaction emerges from the philosophical claims underpinning liberalism which claim that liberalism is based on false conceptions of neutrality by focusing on narrow and culturally specific prejudice which are generalized as universal values.

A Brief History Of Emirates Marketing Essay

A Brief History Of Emirates Marketing Essay In 1974, three years after independence, the rulers of the UAE decided to establish a joint flag carrier: Gulf Air. However, a tense relationship between the airline and the Dubai government existed ever since its inception, as the latter re fused to give in to Gulf Air’s demands to abandon its open-skies policy. In reaction, Gulf Air reduced frequencies and capacities to and from Dubai by more than two thirds between 1984 and 1985 without advance notice (Wilson 2005). Since foreign carriers proved unable or unwilling to fill the gap, Dubai’s then ruler, Sheik Mohammed bin Rashid Al-Maktoum, convened a team of experts – headed by Maurice Flanagan and later joined by Tim Clark and the ruler’s then 26- year old son, Sheik Ahmed bin Saeed Al-Maktoum – to devise an emergency plan. The group’s recommendation to set up a home carrier for Dubai was quickly accepted by the ruler, but he imposed two conditions: The new airline should meet the highest quality standards and there would be no additional capital injections from the government other than the agreed USD 10 million start-up capital. On October 25th, 1985, Emirates’ first flight departed to Karachi, using an A300, wet-leased from Pakistan International Airlines. The rest is history: in 1987, Emirates began to serve it first two European destinations – London Gatwick and Frankfurt -, from 1995, it has operated an all wide body fleet, and in 2001, 2003 and 2005 Emirates placed some of the largest aircraft orders ever. As of October 2007, Emirates’ route network extends to 91 destinations on all continents. In its last business year, ending March 31st, 2007, the airline transported 17.5 million passengers and 1.2 million tons of cargo on 102 aircraft. Currently, 118 aircraft are on firm order (of which 20 will be all-freighters), including 55 A380 and 43 B777. 1.2 The Emirates Group Emirates Airlines (including its cargo subsidiary Emirates SkyCargo) is only one division of the Emirates Group, a state-owned globally active travel and tourism conglomerate, which provides a plethora of aviation related ancillary services. Finally, the Emirates Group owns 43.6 percent of Sri Lankan Air lines. 1.3 The Dubai Government’s aviation- Related Activities Viewed from an even higher level of aggregation, the Emirates Group, in turn, is only one element in a comprehensive bundle of aviation-related activities, all of which come under the responsibility of Sheik Ahmed bin Saeed Al-Maktoum: (1) The Dubai World Central Consortium (activity: to build Jebel Ali Airport City including Dubai’s new mega-airport) (2) Dubai’s Department of Civil Aviation (activities: all aviation-related regulatory functions, operator of DXB airport, of Dubai Duty Free and Dubai Cargo Village) (3) Dubai Aerospace Enterprise (activities: aircraft leasing, airport planning and management, consulting, maintenance and aviation-related education and tr aining). Marketing Strategy Mission â€Å"An effective mission statement defines the fundamental, unique purpose that sets a business apart from other firms of its type and identifies the scope of the business’s operations in product and market terms. It is an enduring statement of purpose that reveals an organization’s product or service, markets, customers, and philosophy.† (John A. Pearce II & Fred David, 2006). Emirates Airlines or rather Emirates Group mission statement is simply â€Å"Committed to the highest standards in everything we do.† Being a vast enterprise by itself – Emirates group – the group has been quiet successful in embodying the mission of â€Å"committing to the highest standard† onto its one of its two core corporation (Emirates Airlines) – the other being DNATA, by marketing the brand of Emirates as the pinnacle emblem or a luxury standard throughout the world as an emerging Global Brand.

Self Assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Self Assessment - Assignment Example There are different tools and mechanisms that have been designed to not only examine a person’s character traits, but also use this information in practical evaluation and classification activities (Archer & Smith, 2008). Commonly referred to as the Big Five personality test, the five-factor of model of personality is an important personality analysis tool. The entire assessment presented in this character analysis tool is founded of five important dimensions forming part of the reason for human behavior. The five dimensions of human behavior comprise of agreeableness, extroversion, openness to experience, emotional stability, and conscientiousness. People vary from each other with regards to their utility of these dimensions undergirding social behavior. The difference in the applicability of these qualities from one person to another is the basis through which this study test classifies people into distinct groups (Groth-Marnat, 2003). According to results from the Big Five test, there are important personal traits I learnt about myself. The test was designed to examine 15 different elements and each of this was important in the general study of my character trait. According to the Big Five test, I scored an eight on extraversion tests and the test gave me 11 on agreeableness related study. I had 13 on the conscientiousness and emotional stability tests. The analysis on openness-to-experience was giving me an overall score of eight. The element of agreeableness is used to assess to what level a person is good-natured, trusting and cooperative. Conscientiousness is used in the study of a person’s responsibility, persistence, and dependability levels. This test also analyzes the nature and level of achievement focus in a person. The test analyzed the element of extraversion through assessing how sociable a person was, how reserved they tend to be, and whether they are a quiet or talkative person. Personally, I am a bit quiet and reserved. I

Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Research - Essay Example I am equally overwhelmed by the unflinching support of all my other professors, lecturers and administrative staff and the library staff at the _____________ University and thank them profusely. Their slightest disarrangement would have distracted my focus from the research. As early as 1960’s the object-oriented programming (OOP) emerged in the computer software arena, when â€Å"data abstraction, polymorphism and modularisation were being applied to the procedural paradigm† (Cardelli, 1996). By 1980’s, research predicted that what structured programming was in the 1970’s, object-oriented programming will be in the 1980’s (Booch, 1986). Object-oriented software development not only prevailed all through the 1980’s, but also through the next two decades. But in a globalised market, as the software market becomes more and more competitive with ever increasing pressure on shortening software development cycles and for improved software productivity, an important dilemma has engulfed the software developers across the world. Can the object-oriented programming stand the test of the time? The present section deals with the issues pertaining to using software methodologies and the implications for object-oriented sof tware projects. Booch (1986) defined object-oriented development as â€Å"a partial-lifecycle software development method in which decomposition of a system is based upon the concept of an object† (Booch, 1986, p.211). Booch in his paper â€Å"Object-Oriented Development† argued that the object-oriented technology is fundamentally different from the traditional functional approaches in respect of designing, serving and managing massive software-intensive systems as well (Booch, 1986). Nearly one and a half decade later, Montlick (1999) supports Booch’s argument and suggests that â€Å"object oriented software is all about objects† (Montlick, 1999). While defining an object as a

Causal Arument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Causal Arument - Essay Example Some states legally allowed the use of marijuana for some diseases for which the doctors prescribed it as a medicine whereas some other states are still not allowing even the patients to use or keep marijuana under their possession. However, according to medical experts, marijuana use should not be encouraged because of the side effects it can generate later in the user’s life. â€Å"To date, marijuana is still classified as an illegal Schedule 1 drug by the Controlled Substances Act. It is defined as having "no accepted medical use in treatment in the United States" (Roth). American Federal courts are still convinced about the usefulness of marijuana. For them, marijuana is still an addictive and dangerous substance which can damage a person physically and psychologically. Spice, a herbal smoking mixture, is sold on the internet and in some shops in America labeled as legal and nicotine-free smoke. Many people in America are using Spice at present as a substitute to Marijuan a. However, scientific studies shown that Spice is also harmful to human health. Professor Leslie Iversen, chairman of the technical committee of the Advisory Council, said: â€Å"It is a very clever product, sold as a herbal smoking mixture from China, but containing chemicals which can be a lot more potent than cannabis† (Ford). This paper analyses the Spice as legal alternative to marijuana. Cannabis has been used for relaxation and meditation purposes for many thousands of years, and studies carried out today tell us the number of users is rising. Young people especially seem to be attracted to experimenting with mind-altering drugs, such as cannabis, and this can result in abuse, addiction, mental health problems, and prosecution. While cannabis itself is not physically addictive it can be dangerous for those with mental health issues and is often supplied by dealers who also have access to harder, highly addictive drugs (Casundara) â€Å"Herbs or blends of herbs that o ne can smoke as alternatives to marijuana or tobacco- The term marijuana alternatives mean just that. It does not mean we are offering legal marijuana or a marijuana substitute† (Legal Alternatives To Marijuana And Tobacco). Many people who are using Spice like alternate products instead of Marijuana have feeling that these products are less harmful than marijuana and it is legal to use these products in America. In fact Spice like substitute products for marijuana has not been prohibited in America yet and hence no criminal cases can be charged against such users. However, it doesn’t mean that these substitute products are less harmful or superior to marijuana. The only advantage of using spice like alternate product is that the user can escape from any kind of legal formalities in using it. According to a shop owner, â€Å"the demand for spice has doubled each month, and its sales now represent a third of his revenue. On some Fridays, his two District stores can brin g in $10,000 from the sale of spice alone†(Savage). The growing popularity of Spice over marijuana can be attributed mainly to the fewer barriers in getting it in America. No drug screening tests can detect Spice which made it one of the favorite substitutes for marijuana. Many of the Spice users believe that it is less harmful. However, â€Å"Nationwide, the American Association of Poison Control Centers logged 567 cases across 41 states in which people had suffered a bad reaction to spice during the first half of 2010. Just 13 cases were reported in 2009†

Final Exam Essay Questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Final Exam Questions - Essay Example Recycling helps industries in two ways. First, it helps in making used products usable again and secondly, it helps in the development of new products using the raw material of the recycled used products. Companies need raw material to develop new products. If the process of recycling is stopped for some time, it will affect the product manufacturing processes adversely because in nature, the availability ratio of these materials is already decreasing with every passing day. If recycling is stopped, the raw material will definitely end before time because raw material from recycled products covers a large percentage of the overall raw material being provided to the companies for product development. The process of recycling produces a number of benefits for companies and for the whole environment. Some of which include reduced waste, improved environment, reduced use of energy as recycling of products takes less energy than processing raw material, and reduced pollution. In industrial product design phase, degradability and recycling of waste products help companies in reducing the cost of the product as they do not have to buy expensive raw material from suppliers which eventually increases the overall cost of the product. Recycling of products can help companies in increasing the level of production while decreasing the level of cost associated with product manufacturing. Along with decreasing the cost of product manufacturing, recycling also reduces the amount of energy required to design the products, as companies do not have to bring raw material from distant locations. Moreover, recycling also reduces the time required to manufacture products as companies do not have to arrange virgin materials from outside sources, rather they can use recycling to develop products which helps in reducing the overall duration of product manufacturing. If we talk about the role of economic cost during design phase, we can say that economic cost

Environmental Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Environmental Accounting - Essay Example The primary purpose of a traditional financial statement is to provide information solely on the matters which have a material financial impact on the company. As a result, the financial accountants and financial auditors pay attention to environmental issues (typically legal or regulatory) only in cases when the latter, for example, prevent the sale of goods in stock, will make products obsolete, will require major capital expenditure to meet consent levels and so forth (Owen 2004). Such situation seriously complicates the intensively debated problem of incorporating environmental data into financial statements of UK companies. This debate clearly suggests that the published financial statements of UK companies as they are at present may not provide an adequate means of assessing the success of the companies' activities. Increasing globalization of business environment, coupled with growing concern over environmental issues has drawn serious attention to changing the traditional accounting standards to incorporate social and environmental impact of companies' operations. Harmonization of accounting standards to allow the transportability of accounting information and smoother operation of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) has become the primary focal points of the new developments in accounting practice (Gray 2004). This paper represents an attempt to analyze the concept of environmental accounting, its relationship with the basic concepts of traditional accounting and its application to the modern business framework. The range of problems associated with effective incorporation of environmental accounting principles in practice will also be identified. Although the paper relies extensively on review and analysis of the research literature instead of primary data provided by the UK, US and other companies it barely undermines its credibility. Firstly, only highly credited scholarly sources and authors are included in the review. Secondly, the existing research provides valuable hints on such aspects of environmental accounting which might have remained unnoticed for a relatively inexperienced in this field person. The below discussion is divided into several subsections to 2. Environmental Reporting Defined The environmental Working Party of the European Federation of Accountants defines the objective of environmental reporting as follows: the provisions of information about the environmental impact and performance of an entity that is useful to relevant stakeholders in assessing their relationship with the reporting entity (Dixon, Mousa and Woodhead 2004). In other words, the aim of environmental accounting is to identify use of environmental resources and all measures taken in this area and to communicate costs of an organization's actual or potential impact on the environment. These costs include the expenditures to clean up or remediate sites contaminated as a result of an organizatio

Information Systems in Banks Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

Information Systems in Banks - Coursework Example The failure of the projects is only due to mismanagement of information systems. They recommended revising the system for companies' betterment. This research has been carried out as a project management task that mostly concentrates on information systems primarily focusing on banks. After going through the literature it has been noticed out that, though whole process is getting segmented in some of the approach for making the project more efficient but, due to inadequate flow between the sections and improper mapping total outcome is not coming satisfactory. Here, one business process model is proposed that can be implemented in finance companies for transactions easiness, efficient account handling and providing a common framework worldwide. One flow chart is also provided stating how simple transaction can take place with the proposed model. Finally, it is concluded with the theme, let information system can be maximally utilized into industries and we are in a position to cross another milestone. The future scope of this research can be developing another model which will incorporate many other constraints that have not been used here only due to tool unavailability. The main purpose of this research is to seek for the barriers that usage of Information System (IS) in industry like bank, construction etc are facing and analyze the applicability of project management approach to them. Land (2004) defined information system as system which aims to store and manage information. Informatization is a process of minimizing cultural and economic barriers by information and communication technology after proper transforming its economic and social relationships (Kluver, 2000). Informatization of a company results into reduction of total cost and this key knowledge has increased the possibility of organizations to use IT. Back and Moreau (2000) showed that the potential benefits of information management only can be fully maximized by making possible the information exchange throughout the organization and also across all its boundaries if it has any. For this reason, integration and preservation of project information is a vital thing. Due to the rapid change in business to make the company more flexible, a methodology is needed which can permit planning, analysis and redesign of a process after taking into account of the available technology and resources. In this report, role of IT in industry and their effectiveness in the growth of an organization are described. As Price System noticed that

Coach or Mentoring Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Coach or Mentoring Reflection - Essay Example This research begins with the statement that mentoring, or coaching, refers to the training of an individual or a group of people. A single or a corporate entity, with the aim of developing positive outcomes in a mentee, may undertake it. The teachers’ responses to the pre-established questions on the characteristics and types of support offered by a mentor or a coach corresponded with slight differences in the mentor’s approach to the mentoring process. The teachers, for example, agreed that a mentor must be a person of integrity who is honest and ethical in the mentoring process. They both cited advantages of honesty and morality in the process towards effectiveness. While honesty develops the mentee’s trust and facilitates freedom between the two parties, the mentor’s morality induces the mentee’s confidence. These allow the mentee to express strengths and weaknesses, comfortably, for an effective mentoring process. The teachers also stressed tha t integrity is core to every mentorship relationship. They also shared a common opinion on the mentor’s passion in the process and they argued that the passion is likely to motivate the mentored party who may associate it with his or her already developed qualities. One teacher, however, suggested that such passion should be moderately expressed while the other argued for total expression of the mentor’s passion. There was however, a conflicting opinion on whether the mentor should be willing to learn more from the process.   One teacher expressed the opinion that the mentor is a trainer and should learn outside, and before mentoring process. He identified research on effective mentoring skills as an approach towards learning about the mentoring process and pointed out that learning from the process my adversely affect the mentee’s confidence, and the overall effectiveness of the learning process. The other teacher however supported an open approach that allow s a mentor to learn from each process. She identified differences among mentored subjects as an avenue towards learning and argued that published mentoring skills are mere guidelines. Awareness of each mentee and the mentoring environment should therefore be allowed for development of appropriate mentoring techniques. There was however an agreement between the respondents that a mentor be enthusiastic and committed to any assignment that may arise from the process. This, they argued, facilitates the same characteristics in the mentored parties and promotes effectiveness of mentoring processes (Zachary, 2000). A mentor should further be focused on solving problems and empowering others to capacity by delegating work. A transformational form of influence should however follow this to ensure effective transfer of skills and potentials to the mentee. There were however, conflicting opinion on a mentor’s need to understand reformation and transformational processes. While one teacher argued that effective mentorship is about influence and empowerment that is attainable through demonstrations, the other teacher insisted on the significance of transformation and reformation processes in molding a mentee to a desired level of potential. They however agreed that a mentor should be a catalyst to motivate development of the mentee’s potentials. They also agreed that a mentor should desire to grow and should be able to identify other people’s interest and to facilitate development of such interests. He or she should therefore strife for personal excellence while interacting with other people to understand their abilities. A good mentor should also have good communication skills to facilitate understanding in the mentoring process. This is because the skills enable the mentor to communicate objectives to a mentee

Police Influence on Society Essay Example for Free

Police Influence on Society Essay Policing has come along way the In the United States. Resources such has vehicles, radios, and computers have made policing much more efficient. Although policing has advanced, history of policing has had a huge impact on the current relationship between African Americans and police. Tension between African Americans and police existed throughout the history of policing and still exists within policing today. Policing history is divided into the political era, reform era, and community era. The political era and the reform era of policing have influenced the current relationship between African Americans and police (McNamara Burns, 2009). The issues of these policing eras have been the foundation for the issues that continue to exist between police and African Americans in today’s society. During the political area of policing, officers were looking to build a more intimate relationship with the community and politics had a huge impact on police practices and police departments. Law enforcement personnel who supported political leaders were rewarded for their support, this had a huge influence on who worked for the police departments and in what capacity they served (McNamara Burns, 2009). During the political era Black officers were treated differently from white officers and were not allowed to patrol in areas that were predominately white areas. Black officers were assigned to patrol in high crime areas and areas that were predominately minority areas. As a result of this, there was less police focus and protection in areas that were heavily populated by minorities (McNamara Burns, 2009) Although police departments have made huge strides to diversify police departments, discrimination within department still exists. The number of Black police officers in 50 of the largest states has increased by 128% since 1983, however, Black officer are still underrepresented. The Black officers who are given the opportunity to work for police departments still have to deal with overt racism from white officers. They also had to deal with assumptions from others, that they will give Black people a break when caught committing violating the law. Although there are a growing numbers of Black officers on police forces, it is still difficult for Black police officers to attain positions of command (The Criminology and Criminal Justice Collective of Northern Arizona University, 2009). There are laws set in place that afford Black people equal opportunities to work on the police force and not be discriminated against in the workplace, however, this type of discrimination and racism still exists. During the reform era of policing, police relied heavily on technology. The use of vehicles and technology advances enhanced policing, at the same time these advances hurt the relationship between police and communities. Officers no longer interacted with the community like they did while walking beats. During this era, officers focus on crime fighting (McNamara Burns, 2009). The Civil Rights movement caused a series of events that changed policing. During the reform era tension between Blacks and police officers grew as a result of Black protesters being confronted by white male police officers who had little training on how to confront protesters. Officers were in charge of dealing with anti-war and race demonstration, and the lack of African American and minorities in policing cause clashes between officers and Blacks. This played a role in hundreds of riots that occurred between 1966 and 1971. Police were seen as the enemy and faced criticism from every direction (McNamara Burns, 2009). The reform era set the foundation for the current relationship between police and African Americans. This era cause tension between Blacks and the police. Because officers were not properly trained to deal with certain situations, such as protest, they resulted in using violence as a way to control the situation. This perception of police still exists in today’s society within the Black communities. The perception of officer discriminating against Black, being racist, or using excessive force against Black is a frequent topic in today’s society. The Oscar Grant case is a good example of an officer lack of training resulting in the use of excessive force. Oscar Grant was shot by a while Bart police officer. This shooting caused uproar in the community. Many people protested as a result of the shooting. The relationship between police officers and the African American community continues to be distant and filled with tension. The image that African Americans have of police officers as a result of the reform era, has been passed down from generation to generation, by the knowledge of knowing about incidents of the past or just personal perceptions passed down from family and friends (Brunson, n.d.). Although training has been implemented into the training curriculum of officers, there are still officers who react as a result of their own biases and perceptions. And for these reason the relationship between African American and police officers will continue to be filled with tension and distrust. Policing history has had a huge impact on the current relationship between police and African Americans. Advances in technology and allowed policing to evolved into a more effective organization. However, the advancement changed the focus of policing from community relations to crime control. This changed began to create a distance between police and Blacks. As times passed the tension between these two groups continued to grow causing an even greater distance between the two groups that continues in today’s society. References Brunson, R. K. (n.d.). University of Massachusetts Lowell. Retrieved from http://faculty.uml.edu/jbyrne/44.203/police%20dont%20like%20black%20people.pdf McNamara, R., Burns, R. (2009). Multiculturalism in the Criminal Justice System. Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. The Criminology and Criminal Justice Collective of Northern Arizona University, (2009). Investigating Difference: Human and Cultural Relations in Criminal Justice, (2nd ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

Australian Wine Industry Essay Example for Free

Australian Wine Industry Essay In addition, this trend is enforced by a global economy with increasing free trade, international business collaboration, strategic alliances and a global currency. Geographically Australia is well placed to capitalise on the Asian boom and wine meets the Asian demand for Western style products. As for the domestic market, despite the fact that there has been minimal focus on developing new wine consumers during the last ten years, domestic sales have continued to expand in value rather than volume. Population growth in prime wine consuming age groups, the emerging generation who has grown up with wine consumption, the changing demographic profile of the Australian population, growth in the dining out market, increasing popularity of the Mediterranean diet, tourism growth and the quest for more individualised beverage experiences are significant opportunities exist for increasing domestic wine consumption. 1. 1. 2 Economic conditions Although a decline in the value of the Australian dollar inhibits profitability and the ability of Australian winemakers to hit key price oints, it helps to stimulate the other countries to import Australian wine because of lower price Increase in demand for wine may be attributed to the following economic factors: changing living standard, changes in the relative price of wine to other goods and services, the introduction of fringe benefits tax and the modification of sales tax to wine and other beverages. 1. 1. 3 Social and cultural trends Although nowadays, there is a strong trend away from alcohol beverages and alcohol consumption, quality table wine still be a favourite one for consumers. The image of a man drinking wine, bottles to bottles until get drunk is no longer seen. People do not drink wine in quantity but prefer quality alcohol. Sales in cask wine decline whereas profits in bottled semi-premium or premium wine increase. The reason for this can be explained by: Quality table wine has its own image and status, engenders high consumer involvement, provides variety, and has a range of flavour complexity. It is therefore a stronger alternative to other non-alcoholic beverages (soft drinks, bottled water, fruit drinks and coffee) than is beer or spirits. Quality wine has acknowledged health attributes. Recent research showed its effects in reducing cardio vascular disease. People look for more spiritual meaning in their lives. They favour healthy products, healthy lifestyle and show environmental concerns. Media, advertising, transparency, and openness in marketing. Many of these trends favour the Australian wine industry. Wine will meet the future consumers dem and for individualised, customised products which are natural, environmentally friendly and healthy. 1. 1. 4 Political and legal forces The Australian wine industry has set a target to be the worlds most influential and profitable wine producer in the Year 2025. It is supported by government in terms of providing a positive investment climate and facilitation infrastructure. Taxation Certainty in the retention of the current taxation level and structure for wine and brandy Review the method for valuing trading stock, particularly the maturation of wine stocks geared to premium wine production Maintain the current vineyard depreciation provisions Vary other taxation provisions which inhibit growth or prejudice quality. Facilitation Maintain support for industry research and development Enhance support for wine export promotion Upgrade Government contributions to training and to strategic data collection Continue the commitment to industrys pro market self regulation Adopt appropriate water access and pricing policies. 1. 1. 5 Technology Technology is of vital importance to Australia wine industry. It can help to improve productivity, economic of scale, efficiency and quality of products. In addition, the industry is also strongly committed to environmentally friendly production.

Analyzing Groundhog Day

Analyzing Groundhog Day Bill Murray plays Phil, an arrogant, self obsessed weather forecaster who goes to Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, in preparation of a broadcast for the next day about the annual occurrence of the coming out of the groundhog Punxsutawney Phil. As he wakes up in the morning and does records his coverage of the event, he is annoyed to find out that he will have to spend another night in Punxsutawney because of an incoming snowstorm. This is where things start to go wrong for Phil as in his earlier forecast; ironically, he predicted that the following days are going to be sunny. When he wakes up the next morning in his room he is very surprised to see that it almost looks like a repetition of the previous day! Everything that happened to him a day earlier at the top of the stairs the same person trying to talk to him; the old high school friend, Ned, recognizing him on the street, the ceremony of the groundhog day everything starts to repeat. Phil spends the day in shock and thinking it is a bad dream but at the end of the day he is stuck in Punxsutawney because of the snowstorm again. When he wakes up the next morning, everything is the same as the previous days, and he again gets stuck in the town for the snowstorm. By this time Phil realizes that this is not just a bad dream, so he starts to look for ways to get out of the situation and remove him from this time loop. Soon Phil realizes that if he doesnt change anything, the events repeat themselves similarly to the first day. But if he only changes his behavior towards the townsfolk, they respond to his actions, which eventually help him reach his goal of winning the heart of Rita. With each repeating day, Phil is the only one who remembers what happened in previous iteration of the same day. At first Phil is awed by this surreal event. As the days keep repeating Phil begins to treat life as a game since nothing he does seem to matter, and the next day is a fresh start of the same scenario: no matter what he does, time resets and he wakes up as if nothing happened. But as the days pass endlessly repeating itself, Phil eventually finds a purpose: get to know as much as he can about Rita, so he can seduce her. When all his tries to win Ritas heart fails day after day, his despair deepens, and he loses his will to live and begins to spend his days killing himself. In desperation, he reveals his plight to Rita and hesitantly she spends the night with him. But again, Phil wakes up to the same music of Sonny and Cher. But, spending a night with Rita makes him realize that someone actually liked him for who he is, he comes to a revelation he begins to live the life he never lived before. Phil starts to take control of circumstances, aided by the fact that he has plenty of time and the safety of starting from scratch if he messes up. He begins to take piano lessons, he learns how to be an ice sculptor, and he becomes more generous. Phil, knowing how the events in the day will happen, begins to use this knowledge to start helping towns people. As he suffered through the repeating days to come to this point, Phil starts to transform and empathizes with other peoples suffering. He becomes a local hero in Punxsutawney. Finally, Rita falls in love with the new Phil, attracted by his generous personality and maturity. He falls asleep by the side of her and when he wakes up she is still there and the curse is broken. In her expert analytical article The Spiritual Power of Repetitive Form: Steps Toward Transcendence in Groundhog Day, Suzanne M. Daughton explains how a modern romantic comedy such as Groundhog Day has a deeper meaning than just entertainment for the viewers. She explains that the movie portrays the lead actor as a stereotypical male figure with ego boundary that, at the start of the film, keeps every other character away from him. When he is trapped in the time loop of repeating days it takes Phil nearly 34 days to break all the barriers and to finally embrace the situation to use it to his advantage. Daughton describes Phils character before transformation as: Phil Connors, miserable cynic: self-centered, abrasive, and deservedly friendless. When Phil progresses to different transformations in the movie Daughton lists these stages that Phil goes through as: cynicism, alarm, hedonism, depression and anger, denial and avoidance, resignation, acceptance and growth. The list describes all the emotions Phil goes though to reach his final stage where is becomes the ideal male and is able to win Ritas heart and break the curse. Groundhog Day shows that the turning point in Phils life is when he starts to build relations with the common people and start to communicate. According to Daughton, Groundhog Day has more to do with its protagonist coming to appreciate the stereotypically feminine focus on connection with others, than with reinscribing the stereotypically masculine individuation and domination glorified in films. Unlike other change-of-heart films, Connors does not renounce independent thought and retreat to little-boy status; instead he grows out of certain boyhood beliefs and practices. At the end of the film Phil starts his acceptance and growth phase where he breaks the traditional stereotypical masculinity and accepts feminism to break the loop. Favorite film and its communication relevance My favorite film is When Harry Met Sally.. It is a simple romantic comedy on the surface but digging deeper into the characters reveals a lot about how males and females communicate with each other within their gender and how this gender based communication is very different than that of their counterparts. Harry approaches Sally as if she was his male buddy and very soon he steps out of the boundary of their newly formed relationship by asking her questions such as has she ever had great sex. This is not an appropriate question for that stage of the relationship, and it makes Sally defensive and uncomfortable. Harry portrays himself as an accomplished, cocky person and Sally starts to reveal more about her personal life to prove to Harry that she also has led a successful life like Harry. In the movie both character experiences interpersonal communication. Our text Reflect and relate defines it as a dynamic form of communication between two or more people in which the messages excha nged significantly influence their thoughts, emotions, behaviors and relationships. An example of this is the scene when Harry and Sally happen to run into each other at the bookstore; they talk and communicate as matured person, unlike the first time they met. As their friendship deepens and they both deal with their breakups, they start to depend on each other for support and their friendship deepens. Eventually we see that they begin to fall for each other. This is interpersonal communication by definition as their communication is changing the way they feel about each other. At the party, seeing one another with other dates become a concern even though, they did not reveal to each other that they want to move to the next step. They both share things with the other that they wouldnt share with anyone else. These are all examples of interpersonal communication developed by the characters in the film where their actions are being influenced by their relationship. Film I didnt care for The film I didnt care for is Children of a Lesser God. The film revolves around the characters Sarah and James, and their relationship. Sarah is deaf and does not use her voice; James is a new teacher at the school who is not deaf and falls in love with Sarah. There are several communication issues presented throughout the film such as: the dialectical tension of autonomy between Sarah and James, social exchange theory which explains why people are drawn to those people that can offer them substantial benefits, social penetration theory, uncertainty reduction in a relationship etc. The film shows very well how to progress in a relationship when it is new and when it has matured. We see Sarah and James eventually realize that even though they want to be independent and live their own way, if they want to stay in a relationship the best way to move forward is to compromise and come to a middle ground that both can live with. The reason why I dont care for this film is because of the pl ot and background of the movie which is not a good fit for the majority of the people who has never experienced being a deaf or mute. While the film opens our eyes to the deaf culture and brings many communication issues to light, it is hard to relate to in comparison with our regular life. To me it feels like the film has almost a documentary like feeling to it than a movie. On the other hand I can relate to characters like Harry from When Harry Met Sally, or Phil Connors from Groundhog Day because we have seen people like them in real world. We have all met with someone at some point who was cocky and annoying or someone who asked inappropriate questions. That is the only fundamental flaw of the Children of a Lesser God in my opinion. Useful concepts in RR, and the articles There are several useful concepts from RR which helped to analyze the films such as interpersonal communication, self-fulfilling prophecy, communication competence, supportiveness and empathy, uncertainty reduction, pseudo-listening and active listening etc. The articles were also helpful in finding even deeper meaning behind the character and plot of the film, but I feel like some of them went too deep for the scope of the class such as SM Daughtons Groundhog Day article that explained a lot about how the character breaks out of stereotypical male model and embraces feminism to grow and mature. My favorite article is Crossing the barriers to friendship between men and women by Lee west et al. The film When Harry Met Sally, and the article helps a lot in understanding which mistakes males typically make when communicating with other gender. How can we make the relationship smoother and what are the things to avoid. This is a good learning opportunity for all of us presented in a come dic way by the film. Overall all the films and articles touched on different topic within communication that will be helpful in our daily lives as we strive to create better, fulfilling relationship with other around us. Works Cited Groundhog Day: The Movie. Groundhog Day: The Movie. Transparency, n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2017. . The spiritual power of repetitive form: Steps toward transcendence in Groundhog Day, Daughton SM. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 1996 McCornack, Steven. Interpersonal Communication. Reflect Relate: An Introduction to Interpersonal Communication. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2016. N. pag. Print.

Living in the City vs. Living in the Country :: Compare Contrast City Country Essays

Living in the City vs. Living in the Country   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The age-old question has plagued many, â€Å"Should I live in a city or should I live in the country?†. There are many advantages and disadvantages to choosing a lifestyle in either setting, and careful examination of all aspects is needed to make the perfect decision for you.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One major issue affecting many people trying to make the decision on where to live is their quality of life in either extreme. Health, education, transportation are three major concerns that many consider. In a city, pollution surrounds you wherever you step whether on the streets of a busy financial district or on the lawn of a large park. Pollution could possibly cause health problems later in life. In the country, pollution is scarce. Fresh air, rolling green hills, a few pieces of litter here and there but pretty much everything is clean, and wow! No smog, you can see the stars! In the country, childhood education, kindergarten through twelfth grade, is significantly better than in a large city; smaller class sizes and larger budgets create excellent learning environments. In cities, public schools are often plagued with very large classes packed into small spaces. Teachers with low pay, and little or no dedication are thrown into classrooms to teach, resultin g in poor education. Transportation is very accessible in city environments. Public transportation, by way of subways, busses and ferries, are cheap and easy ways of getting around a metropolis, whether going out to work, school, or for a night on the town. In the country, everyone needs to have access to his or her own vehicle. A commute to work or school is about an average of forty-five minutes!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cash flow is very important when choosing a living environment. Living in the city can easily be more expensive, if you do not know where to look. But it can also be very competitive with that of your spending in the country. Apartments can be very affordable in a rent-controlled neighborhood, and are much more feasible for families, or students just starting out on their own; whereas, in the country, you may have to buy a home or hard to find cheap rentals. Transportation costs, groceries, taxes, and utilities are common expenditures for any adult. But, many may find that a large amount of money can be saved on these living expenses in a city.

Effects of War Exposed in All Quite on the Western Front, Bury the Dead

Effects of War Exposed in All Quite on the Western Front, Bury the Dead, and Paths of Glory      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "From the happy expression on their faces you might have supposed that they welcomed the war. I have met with men who loved stamps, and stones, and snakes, but I could not imagine any man loving war." Margot Asquith revealed her discontent with war in this quote. War is defined in the American Heritage Dictionary as a concerted effort or campaign to combat or put an end to something considered injurious. A rather contradicting definition from the dictionary when one examines war's true meaning and the effect it has on mankind. Wars do not put an end to something considered injurious, war starts them. War stems from human greed and ignorance and is often used as a tool by men to seek fame and glory. People remember the glory of Alexander the Great, Hannibal, and Napoleon but forget the number of deaths caused by these so-called heroes. War is about death and the destruction of the human character and spirit. World War I, not only claimed millions of lives , but left deep scars in the memories of those who survived. Disillusioned and disheartened, these young people became known as the Lost Generation. Even though the cost of war was staggering, its psychological effects had no boundary. The soldier's greatest struggle during war is not physical, but mental and spiritual.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A war novel that gives its reader an insight into the lives of soldiers during WWI, All Quiet on the Western Front, written by Erich Maria Remarque, is considered the greatest war novel of all time. This book brings its readers into the personal life of Paul Baumer and the horrors he had to encounter as a young German s... ...think about themselves, about religion, and about war. Sometimes, when a soldier gets too caught up in the war, he tries to hide his true feelings even though he is facing the biggest battle of all: with himself.    Works Cited:    Cobb, Humphrey. Paths of Glory, a Novel, Viking Press, New York 1935, new edition, Dell 1957, William Heinemann Ltd, London.    Hynes, Samuel. A War Imagined: The First World War and English Culture, London: Bodley Head, 1991.    Remarque, Erich Maria. All Quiet on the Western Front. New York: Ballantine Books, 1984.    Shaw, Irwin. Bury the Dead. New Theatre & Film, 1934-1937. Ed. Herbert Kline. San Diego: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanich, c1985.    Stephen E. Tabachnick, "Afterword," to Humphrey Cobb, Paths of Glory (1935) (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987), pp. 267-304.      

The Effects of Obesity Essay -- Health and Wellness

Obesity is a well documented problem in the United States. Every year, billions of dollars are spent on this epidemic and the plethora of diseases and issues it causes. This has been shown to be a problem at the state as well as the national level. In order to better understand the impact it has, we will discuss the issue of obesity as a whole, the problems associated with this disease, the costs of those problems, as well as possible solutions to this growing problem in our country. For the purposes of this paper, it is important to give reference points with regards to certain key definitions. The generally accepted way of defining obesity is in the National Institutes of Health Weight Classification system. This system relies on the use of BMI as computed using the weight in kilograms divided by the height in meters squared. The following cutoff points are given for the defined words: underweight- BMI 30.0 kg/m2. These benchmarks will be the defined values for the given words throughout this paper. According to a brief prepared by Dr. Eric Wright for the Indiana Center for Urban Policy and the Environment in May of 2006, nearly 97 million adults in the United States are obese or overweight. That number had doubled in the previous 30 years and is predicted to continue that upward trend. This means that nearly 2 out of every 3 adults in the US are obese or overweight. The surgeon general, Dr. Richard Carmona reported in 2003 that 1 out of every 8 deaths in the US is caused by an illness that is directly correlated to obesity. Obesity is caused by a number of different factors, the main ones being: inacti... ...s, Blacks Had 51% Higher and Hispanics Had 21% Higher Obesity Rates." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC. Web. 1 Jan. 2012. Finkelstein, Eric A., Ian C. Fiebelkorn, and Guijing Wang. "Obesity - State-Level Estimates of Annual Medical Expenditures Attributable to Obesity[ast][ast]." Nature Publishing Group : Science Journals, Jobs, and Information. Web. 1 Jan. 2012. Carmona, Richard H. "The Obesity Crisis in America." Office of the Surgeon General (OSG). Web. 1 Jan. 2012. Paddock, Ph.D, Catherine. "Medical News Today News Article." Medical News Today: Health News. Medical News Today. Web. 1 Jan. 2012.

Canadian Tire Sw

Canadian Tie is one of Canada’s most-shopped general retailers, offering everyday products and services to Canadians through more than 1,700 retail and gasoline outlets from coast-to-coast. Canadian Tire Corporation has many strengths as an organization. First and foremost, they enjoy a strong and loyal customer base. Their long history as a Canadian company has helped them in this regard, as many of the existing Canadian competitors have been purchased by foreign corporations over the years. They also have one of the most recognizable trademarks in the country. Another strength of the company is its diversity.They currently provide a wide range of goods and services to their customers – including automobile parts and service, financial services, clothing, hardware, and housewares. They also have one of the longest-running customer rebate programs of any retailer – that is, the Canadian Tire money that customers receive after making their purchases. The major wea kness of Canadian Tire is that in the past, they have periodically lost their focus on customer service. They have taken their customers for granted, assuming that the customer would always return to the store regardless of how they were treated.Because of this, they have occasionally lost market share. The company has also failed to recognize the changing demographic of Canada (immigration, different cultures). The stores tend to focus on their historical customer – the adult white male. They have failed to widen their focus to women and different nationalities such as Chinese and Indian customers. Another weakness of the company is its failure to expand successfully beyond Canada. This has put limits on the company’s growth. SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths: †¢ Has a very strong and loyal clientele. Offer a range of goods and services that meet life’s everyday needs, including general merchandise such as clothing, petroleum and financial services. †¢ Offers a chain of automobile parts and professional automotive installers. †¢ Offers shopping on line. †¢ Canadian Tire bank provides greater marketing flexibility for using its credit card. Weakness: †¢ Prices have gone up. †¢ They have lost their focus on customer service. †¢ failed to recognize the changing demographic of Canada (immigration, different cultures) †¢ failure to expand successfully beyond Canada.

The War over How Content Providers

The other opponents are the large electrification companies and the Internet Service Providers who will be referred to as Sips. These companies have a new business plan that if allowed to be implemented by the FCC will change the way Content Service Providers Caps and the end users, which are anyone using the internet today, will have their data routed and how they must pay for it. What will happen if the large Corporations win this â€Å"War† and how will it affect the status quo that we've all become used to as the Internet standard? Net Neutrality: The War over How Content Providers and Users Will Pay for Speed andRoutes of internet traffic. What is the real problem being debated? The new laws governing internet traffic if passed will give the large Sips the right to dictate how internet traffic is routed, and how they will charge the content service providers (Caps) and Internet end users (Sis's). Net neutrality has been a core principle of the Internet since its inception . According to (Vogue, 2014) Internet service should be very similar to telephone service. As an analogy, the phone company cannot make the connection poorer if they do not like the person you are ailing.The Sips and the large telecommunication companies don't like this concept and are working very hard to change it. Advocates of this policy are licking their wounds because the FCC recently reported they would likely leave Broadband services deregulated. Many activists for this movement had hoped that the Obama administration would not allow Internet Service Providers (Sips) to charge individuals by the amount of bandwidth they consume (Hudson, 2010). â€Å"Does this threaten freedom and openness on the Internet as net neutrality activist's claim? How would et neutrality impact future investments in broadband?Here are two opposing views on the issue† (Hudson, 2010). It seems as if the favoritism game has begun. A group of Internet service providers, mainly Commas has already begun to raise, and overcharge certain websites for their service. Yet other service providers who are a subsidiaries of theirs, like Hull who provide the same types of service have not had their fees increased (Cry, 2014) This is a growing concern of AN supporters. What is net neutrality? Law professor Www (2003) coined the term â€Å"net neutrality'. Lawrence (Lessee, 2001, p. 68175) can trace the idea of Internet neutrality back to the open access movement that was lead.The debate on AN centers on the potential consequences of network owners exercising control over the data traffic in their networks. The meaning of â€Å"control† can mean anything from blocking certain types of traffic (Www, 2007), to termination fees (Lee & Www, 2009), to offering preferred services to customers willing to pay a fee for it (Hahn & Wallet, 2006). To date, there is not a generally accepted definition of AN. Consumer rights groups have among others; put a strict definition f AN forth. The i nternet has developed at a tremendous rate of speed. It provides users with a platform for information, entertainment, and communication.The role of content providers has shifted to an essential gatekeeper position on the information superhighway. â€Å"Therefore, the public and politicians alike are concerned about how Internet service providers (Sips) are going to noontime access and usage of the networks in the future. The discussion on the future of the Internet is known as the net neutrality (AN) debate† (Kramer & Warrior, 2013, p. 1). Definition 1 Strict Net Neutrality. Net neutrality prohibits Internet service providers from speeding up, slowing down or blocking Internet traffic based on its source, ownership or destination.As mentioned above, the Sips are already planning to implement these prohibitions in their networks. This will endanger the â€Å"openness† of the Internet that has been the standard since its inception. (KerrГmere & Warrior, 2013). Defin ition 2 How AN Applies To Service Providers. â€Å"Net neutrality usually means that broadband service providers charge consumers only once for Internet access, do not favor one content provider over another, and do to charge content providers for sending information over broadband lines to end users. (Hahn and Wallet, 2006) The Pros and Cons The Cons: Sips can block any derogatory statements said about their company. They can block peer-to peer technologies, even those used by software developers used to enhance and grow technology. They can also block certain â€Å"Blobs† because of deals they have made with other higher paying â€Å"Blobs†. Just to name a few, and this list is growing by the day. If the Sips continue with the new business model they have landed they will not only change the face of the internet as we know it, they will lose all trust in the public and customer relations will suffer greatly.No one will trust or buy service from a company who wants t o undermine an institution standard that's been in place since its inception. Most customers will lose trust in them and the customer relations departments of the Sips will be working overtime to try to regain the publics trust and convince them to come back and be a loyal customer once again. I myself hope that it sparks a whole new line of smaller ISP startups who will epithelial on the publics distrust and resentment of the large Sips for betraying the publics trust.If I had the capital, I would start an ISP that would NOT use the new business model they so desperately want to implement. I am sure any company who could do this would grab a huge share of the market. The pros, which in my opinion are few and far in between, and are practically meaningless in my opinion. Congress claims its Constitutional authority to set interstate communications policy, the Constitution's protections, and court precedent, as well as encourage private investment and innovation Just proves Congress' bipartisan Internet policy.It fails to keep a competitive free market, which is not hampered by government regulation. Congress also claims it respects the rule of law, and it also encourages public and Private Corporation's to get the fastest broadband to all Americans under the National Broadband Plan. Smoke and mirrors I say. Legislation, Regulation, and Constitutional Rights Since 2005, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has been working towards a set of principles that will ensure the open and interconnected character of he Internet, a restriction to try to avoid the biased term AN.The FCC is seeking to maintain the current status quo and has followed the presented views in this section. There exist several examples of Sips that have blocked voice over IP (Poop) traffic, which is in competition to their regular telephone service. The most prominent example is that of Madison River Communications, which was subject to an investigation by the FCC in 2005 for exactly suc h practice. The case was settled under the old common carrier powers of the FCC, which applied at that point in time o DSL service (c. F. FCC, 2011).Traffic management techniques may be used by the ISP to avoid or limit traffic that, in their view, generates nothing but higher costs. Here, the most prominent example is that of Commas, the largest cable company in the US, which was subject to scrutiny by the FCC in 2008 because it had restricted the flow of peer-to-peer (APP) traffic. The FCC issued a cease or desist order against Commas in 2008, which was overturned by the US Court of Appeals in 2010, because it was found that the FCC has failed to tie its assertion of regulatory authority to an actual law enacted by Congress (McCullough, 2010).In its final Report & Order from December 2010, the FCC adopted the following AN framework. Definition 3 FCC. â€Å"A person engaged in the provision of fixed broadband Internet access service, insofar as such person is so engaged, shall 1 . Transparency â€Å"C†¦ ] publicly disclose accurate information regarding the network management practices, performance, and commercial terms [†¦ ]. â€Å"(FCC, 2010, Section 54) 2. No Blocking not block lawful content, applications, services, or non-harmful devices, subject to reasonable network management. (FCC, 2010, Section 63) 3.No Unreasonable Discrimination not unreasonably discriminate in transmitting lawful network traffic over a consumer's broadband Internet access service. † (FCC, 2010, Section 68) The FCC acknowledges the usefulness of reasonable network management, but also says that pay for priority arrangements will raise significant reasons for concern (FCC, 2010, Section 76). They also said that transparency and competition are the main remedies to ensure AN. It is also important to note that wireless network services are not subject to the restrictions of network management.The main reason for this is the competition between wireless network oper ators. Because the effect of competition is still unclear, it is going to be interesting to see whether the PC's AN ruling, which took effect on November 20, 2011, is going to lead to changes of the fixed and wireless networks in the US. The New FCC Rulings In January 2014, the DC Court of Appeals agreed with Verizon and said that the FCC cannot stop Internet service providers from blocking or discriminating against websites or any other Internet traffic unless the Internet is reclassified as a public utility.However, the court also said the FCC does have some authority to implement net neutrality rules as long as it promotes broadband deployment across the country. On May 1 5, the FCC voted to move forward with their proposed rules for net neutrality, the principle that all Internet traffic should be treated equally. The proposal, which is now open for public comment for four months, would dramatically change the Internet. The new rules would allow Internet service providers (Sips) like Verizon or AT&T to charge websites like Backbone and Twitter for faster service.This as a whole range of consequences for all avid Internet users. (Miranda. 2014) The Public Fear The public AN debate it is related to the fear that Sips may be in the position to limit the freedom of speech. Sips could block access to politically controversial (but legal) information, or shut down websites of unwanted organizations, Ex. The websites of labor associations to prevent an assembly of workers (Austin, 2005) Evidence of such practices is not necessarily true, because it will almost certainly cause a loss of reputation for the Sips.It seems obvious that such limitations of freedom of speech would be addressable by constitutional law of the respective country. However, people are aware that there are remarkable differences in the legal basis for preserving free speech online. The Other Side of the Coin Opponents say that strict AN would be taking a step backwards from the status quo of the Internet. If any network management practices are forbidden it could lead to congestion problems at peak times, which could only be counteracted by over provisioning of a networks capacity.In any case, Sips' revenues would be reduced because business models that rely on managed services, like PIPIT, could not be liable offered anymore. The likely result of this strict interpretation of AN would be that consumer prices for (full) Internet access will increase, or that the rate of investments in network infrastructure is reduced which will reduce the SO (Quality Of Service) we are all accustomed to. They also claim that customers with limited needs for internet access will not have the opportunity to purchase these services if they want to.Vice-president of the European commission Nellie Zeroes who said that â€Å"requiring operators to provide only full internet could kill innovative new offers Even worse, it could mean higher prices for those consumers with more limited needs w ho were ready to accept a cheaper, limited package† (Meyer, 2011). Conclusion In general what all of this means is that the Sips have an agenda to create a new business model. If the laws are changed that currently govern internet traffic, it can, and will change the way Internet access is routed and how the users are charged for it.However, for now, they are gunning for the website owner/operators or Caps (Content Service Providers) as they are also called, who provide content to the end users. Specifically the large Caps who rely on fast data transfer rates to provide customers with the services they offer. For Ex. Nettling which is a company that offers subscribers a service that allows them to instantly stream TV shows and movies would be put out of business if they did not agree to pay for their data to travel in the so-called â€Å"fast lane†.This type of service relies heavily on the fast transmission of data packets across a network in order to provide uninterru pted service. If the Sips and large telecommunication companies get their way they can restrict certain kinds f data/traffic at their discretion and direct it into the â€Å"traffic lanes† of their choosing. They wish to divide the Intervention into predetermined lanes of slow, medium, and fast data transfer speeds. Then charge Caps (Content Service Providers) according to the speed that they want, or essentially need their data to travel at.Step 2. Focus on the accuracy of the assumptions and conclusions. I used the scoring guide and the instructions for the assignment to ensure that I have met the requirements and feel confident with my submission. Step 3. Break the problems into workable parts. I used the discussion posts and suggestions of the other classmates as well as the instructor's comments to tackle each perceived item that was recommended to me that needed revision.I approached this by looking at them as a whole and then breaking them down and working on them one at a time. Step 4. Do not guess or Jump to conclusions. I feel I did not Jump to conclusions by using the many credible sources and references to Justify my conclusions used in my draft. Step 5. Employ meaningful self-dialogue throughout the process, including written or drawn prompts as well as spoken words. I'll be quite honest here I still have not mastered how to accomplish this step.I do not talk out loud to myself but do talk silently to myself while writing to make sure my words sound correct and flow nicely together, so in a sense I guess I do implement this process in that way. Step 6. Briefly describe what it felt like to go through the process. Going through this process is a constant learning experience for me. I'm realizing that as my paper develops I find my steps of using the critical thinking process are beginning to change. I'm not sure if this is a good thing but I have noticed a difference in my processes from the beginning until now.

Evolution of the Universe Essay

The evolution of earth will always remain a mystery. However, there is many scenarios and evidence to help understand the evolution of earth, its sun, planets, and the moon. The paper will derscribe how the earth and its atmosphere evolved with the help of other bodies. Which includes a discription of the formation of the bodies that plays a role in the evolution of earth. Also, a discription of the earth, sun, moon, planets, and other bodies motions according to Copernicus, Kepler, and Gallileo discoveries. Evolution: Earth and Its Atmosphere Plate tectonics are the ultimate process that controls the changes on Earth. Dynamic activity like volcanism, meteorite impacts, mountain building, and erosion, is how our Earth has come to its current state, while the continuing motion of the Earth is what’s driving the resurfacing of the Earth resulting in faulting, basin formation, and volcanism. The combination of gravity and the Earth’s internal heat is the driving force for this continuous motion. Earth’s internal heat comes from consistent decay of radioactive elements, crystallization of the inner core, and the heat left-over from planet formation. Recent discoveries suggest that features of current Earth come from the planetary melting and planetary accumulation which involves the differentiation of objects. Mars and the Moon underwent global differentiation which allowed the separation of the core from the mantle and formed large parts of the Earth’s still-existing crust. The atmosphere and oceans first appeared about 4. 5 billion years ago, soon after the Earth and Moon completed their formational phases (Mirali & Skinner, 2009). Oxygen was nearly absent in the atmosphere of the early Earth. The Great Oxygenation Event (GOE), or Great Oxidation, was the biologically induced appearance of free oxygen (O2) in Earth’s atmosphere. Cyanobacteria; a large photosynthetic bacterium, appears approximately 200 million years before the GOE and began to produce oxygen by photosynthesis (Carlson & Boyet, 2008). Cyanbacteria is known to be responsible for the initial rise of atmospheric oxygen during this time. Before the GOE, any free oxygen was chemically captured by dissolved iron or organic matter. After the GOE, any excess free oxygen began to accumulate in the atmosphere. Free oxygen is toxic to anaerobic organisms and the rising concentrations may have been the reason that most of the Earth’s anaerobic inhabitants were wiped out. Oxygen is dominantly locked in minerals in the crust and Earth’s interior and would remain as such if it weren’t for photo synthesizers. Methane and nitrous oxide have been increasing in recent years and a consequence of agricultural activities, and human-induced global warming (Kasing & Siefert, 2002). Thus, microorganisms have led to the basic composition of Earth’s atmosphere since the origin of life. Formation of the Bodies: Motions Role About five billion years ago the galaxy had a supernova explosion causing large elements of debris pushing it through gasses called hydrogen into interstellar particles and dust. By this process of mixture under its own gravity at the center, it compressed together and formed a star of gasses that we see today. This star now became born which is now the sun, which around it a swirl of material compressed as forces for the heat. This process gave rise to our sister planets and throughout the universe. The sun started to grow larger and its energy source also started to ignite its source outward into nuclear fire balls. Within millions of years disks and components started to freeze over into small grains of dust. From this process what was found was silicon, iron, aluminum, magnesium with oxygen that was displayed as clumps and large chunks of rock and boulder. They were so large that they broke apart from their own gravity and disbursed throughout the universe. Planetesimals planets started to grow, from this they were colliding with other bodies, now starting to grow into larger lanets with their form of mass and energy behind them giving them the power to move. In this time in history the sun was only about 2/3’s of the source of power that we have today, meaning the sun is more power today than ever, because of time and energy and mass letting it grow. The process of the large forms of mass rocks grew in time from there silicon, iron, aluminum, magnesium and oxygen with the help of the sun that now grew the planets that we know of today. As all the planets grew in time and formed to what we know them as, they all rotate in a clock ward motion. As the planets move together in the same motion they are creating energy within their centrifugal force, which keeps them in motion and growing with the support of the sun’s energy. Scientist’s Discoveries: Earth, Sun, Moon, Planets, Bodies The motions of the bodies in the universe were explained by several scientists between the 1490’s and the 1700’s. Initially, there was a widely held belief that the Earth was stationary and all of the other bodies revolved around it; this is called a geocentric model (Merali & Skinner, 2009). In the 1490’s however, a scientist named Copernicus began to address the fact that a geocentric model did not explain the movement of the planets. His discoveries began to show that a heliocentric system (sun is stationary, central and the planets revolve around it) was more likely based on noticing that planets temporarily reversed direction (Merali & Skinner, 2009). He surmised that the temporary reversal was because of the differences in time that it takes the Earth to orbit the Sun, versus the time it took for other bodies to orbit the sun (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Copernicus also determined that a body with a larger temporary reversal of direction was closer to earth and a smaller reversal was further away which could be tested by astronomical measurements (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Finally, Copernicus resurrected an old theory that the Earth spins on an axis which explains the rising and setting of the sun (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Copernicus’ discoveries led other scientists to also prove the heliocentric model. In the late 1500’s, Kepler discovered three laws that would bolster Copernicus’ heliocentric model, but would also prove his ideas about the shape of orbits wrong (Merali & Skinner, 2009). First, the Law of Ellipses says that each planets orbit is an ellipse and the sun is one focus (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Next, the Law of Equal Areas determines that the planet’s orbital speeds are not the same and therefore the closer they are to the sun the faster they orbit and alternately, the further from the sun, the slower the orbit (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Lastly, the Law of Orbital Harmony is a mathematical equation that determined that â€Å"the square of the orbital period in years is proportional to the cube of the planet’s average distance from the sun. † (Merali & Skinner, para. 11, 2009). Therefore, the Earth takes 356. 24219 days, or 1 year, to orbit the sun (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Even with these three valuable laws, it was Galileo and Newton who pulled the heliocentric model together. In the late 1600’s Galileo used a telescope to find four moons orbiting Jupiter which proved that Earth could not be at the center of orbital motion (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Galileo also determined that Venus had phases which could only be explained if Venus and Earth orbited the sun (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Finally, Galileo postulated that forces move bodies. Additionally, those bodies will only change direction or stop if influenced by another force and that force works equally on all bodies despite differences in mass (Merali & Skinner, 2009). It was this last concept that inspired Isaac Newton in the same period. Newton determined that if an apple was pulled to the Earth by gravity, then the moon would also be affected by gravity thus discovery that gravity influences all bodies on Earth and in the universe (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Conclusion Modern science will continue to have plenty of unanswered questions. The evolution of earth begins with the plate tectonics process that includes corollaries of mantle convention, contienental drift, seafloor spereading and explains the pattern of volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain building. The atmosphere and oceans evolved 4. 5 years ago after the earth and moon completed their formational phases. With the help of Great Oxygenation Event (GOE), photosynthesis, and Cyanobacteria the earth produced oxygen. The formation of bodies occurred five billion years ago when the supernova explosion caused the birth of the sun and other planets. Issac Newton, Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler were very important scientist from the 1490s and the 1700s who made many discoveries about the earth, sun, planets, and other bodies motions.

A Rose for Emily: a Themes of Death and Change Essay

William Faulkner explains why the story is not about him, but his details about a lonely poor woman named Miss Emily is very unpredictable. Miss Emily is unable to grip the idea of death and suffers from denial. After the death of her father, the people from the town expected her to be in a state of grief but she is not. Instead, she proceeds to say that her father is very well with her and alive. William Faulkner’s idea of grieving is clear in this story because he shows his audience that it is better to accept death than to ignore it through the accounts of Miss Emily’s journey. William Faulkner’s story takes place in the South, during a time period of racial discrimination and major changes. By using reader response criticism, a reader can analyze â€Å"A Rose for Emily† through the aspects of the secret held within the story, race found through anthropology, and gender found through anthropology. To begin with, one can analyze â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by examining the hidden message found in the story. The hidden message that William Faulkner tried to convey in his story was the themes of death and change. For example, Emily told them that her father was not dead. Miss Emily tried to defy death by holding on to her father’s corpse and treating it as if he were still living and how fearful she was of change. She later killed Homer to ensure that he would never leave her. Miss Emily continually tried to prevent any sort of change through death or other means from occurring in her town. She was so frightened of change that she wouldn’t allow the city to put numbers on her house for mail. The next step to analyzing â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is to examine race found through anthropology. The South was once known for its extreme prejudice and racism. William Faulkner’s attempts to convey this racism is made clear in â€Å"A Rose for Emily†. Mr. Faulkner explains the roles of women in the South and how they were seen through the eyes of men. When Miss Emily Grierson died the whole town went to her funeral. The men out of respectful affection for a fallen monument and the women mostly out of curiosity. In conclusion, there are many aspects that were incorporated into â€Å"A Rose for Emily†. William Faulkner was able to create a story involving many ideas about society and how it functioned in a specific time period in the South. To further examine â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, one can use the reader response criticism and analyze the aspects of the hidden message found within the story, race found through anthropology, and gender found through anthropology. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is an important element in literature due to examination of the effects of change created in the olden South.

The Yellow Wallpaper 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Yellow Wallpaper 2 - Essay Example The lady never questioned her husband’s decision and followed his instructions but only to experience a worst possible fate a human can ever imagine (Gilman, 1892). The story tells about how females are guided and literally ruled over by their husbands. The women have remained suppressed in all parts of the world as they were unable to take charge of the life that they had been blessed with by the God himself. Additionally, the choice made by the husband aggravated the issue because the wife fell into the belief that she was trapped into the room and her belief translated into a presence of woman who was trapped into the yellow wallpaper. The wife considered it as her duty to free the trapped woman as she cannot free herself. The will to help others had always remained a great motivational force for humans and the objective of freeing a woman in the wallpaper gave the sense of direction to the lady. Once she freed the woman in the picture then, she lost the purpose of life and therefore, she completely succumbed to her mental condition. The message of the story is simple and easy to understand, if only one is committed and willing to do that. The best way to help is to let the sufferer make his or her choices as freely as possible. The human is the most sophisticated piece of machinery ever built. People have a physical life and a psychological one as well. The apparent satisfaction does not mean that a person is contented from the inside. The meaningless compliance means that a pile of un-served needs and wants is gathering and it is usually the matter of time before a person becomes mentally impaired by carrying the burden in the inside. The wife was happy from the outside but she was sorrowful on the inside and finally, the sadness got better of the apparent happiness and she started doing what she wanted and what she can. The action was simple as it involved crawling around the room but it

Disorders of Red Cells Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Disorders of Red Cells - Case Study Example It is quite clear that the patient is anemic. Usual signs and symptoms of anemia are lower hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, and reduced blood cell count causing fatigue, shortness of breath, hypotension, dizziness, headaches, and irritability. The condition eventually leads to tachycardia (the heart rate exceeding normal range) and tachypnea (breathing rate over 20) in due course of time. The hematocrit indicates about the volume of red blood cells in proportion to the total blood volume (total of plasma and red blood cells) and for women, it has to be between 36 and 48% (Eckman, 2013). The laboratory reading of the patients hematocrit has been shown 32% that is certainly less than the normal level. Moreover, the patients blood smear test reveals microcytic and hypochromic cells in her blood. This gives an indication of Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia in the patient. Usually, iron deficiency is the cause of hypochromic microcytic anemia. Microcytic Hypochromic anemia results when "a r educed amount of iron is delivered to the marrow erythroid precursors" (Eckman, 2013). Usually, efficient recycling of iron or a good balance maintained between losses and absorption keeps iron deficiency in control. It is estimated that a menstruating female loses approximately 2.0 mg of iron per day (Eckman, 2013). Ms. A’s age is 26 years and being in menstruating age, her iron losses are likely to be around 2.0 mg of iron per day. Her intake of iron appears to be not adequate enough to maintain losses or otherwise, the underlying cause of low hemoglobin lies somewhere else. Ms. As reticulocyte count (immature blood cells) makes up a higher percentage of the blood count and that appears to be due to low hemoglobin in red blood cells. A reticulocyte count is a blood test that reveals how fast bone marrow makes and releases red blood cells into the  blood.  

Stakeholders Influence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stakeholders Influence - Essay Example achieve this, I shall concentrate upon incorporating the use of latest technology to facilitate the organizational personnel in the process of assisting the consumers. I am the CEO of a public health organization. The organization faces the challenges of limited resources whereas the number of patients has been on an increase in the past few years. There is limited staff, equipment, and technology to provide the patients with quality care. There are two basic types of stakeholders in the public corporations; internal stakeholders and external stakeholders. Internal stakeholders are those that are involved in resourcing, funding, and coordination of the strategies whereas external stakeholders are the ones who share their experiences and opinions upon the issues and points of concern to them as representatives of the local community and the service users. Internal stakeholders of the public corporations include but are not limited to director of nursing, head of health information and intelligence, procurement, public health strategists, managers, researchers, trustees, and board committee members. External stakeholders include media, news reporter s, policy makers, consumers of services rendered by the public corporation, providers, local authority, vendors, and funders. As the CEO of the public corporation, my powers are limited since government is the prime decision-maker. â€Å"The specific responsibility and influence of public organizations within institutional collective action†¦is a source of ambiguity. It becomes therefore a matter of political authority for public organizations to invest in the structuring of public problems and policies† (Demortain, 2004). According to my plan, I would first prioritize the issues according to their importance. I would assess the influence of internal and external stakeholders in relation to each issue, as well as their sources of influence. â€Å"The impact stakeholders can have on organisational policy, strategy, and